(2001) Steady-state flow analysis of pipe networks considering reduction of flow in the case of low water pressures. In: Coulbeck B, Orr C-H (eds) Computer applications in water supply, vol 1. (1988) A gradient algorithm for the analysis of pipe networks. of 8th Water Distribution System Analysis Symp. (2006) On the convergence properties of the different pipe network algorithms. , eds., A.A.Balkema, Lisse, The Netherlands, pp. Advances in water supply management, Maksimovic C., Butler D., Memon F.A. (2003) A more realistic approach to the 'extended period simulation' of water distribution networks. (2010) Seamless pressuredeficient water distribution system model, J. Civil-Comp Press, Stirling, UK, ISBN 0-94, Paper 64, pp. In: Topping BHV, Mota Soares CA (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Conf. (2004) A new nodal outflow function for water distribution networks.

(2012) 'Study of Pressure-Discharge Relations in Water Distribution Networks Using Field Measurements' Ph.D Candidate, University of Tehran Oroumieh, West Azerbijan IRAN. (2009) Evaluation of Subsystem Importance Index considering Effective Supply in Water Distribution Systems, J. Yoo, D.G., Kim, J.H., Jun, H.D., and Chung, G. (2007) Discussion of 'Solution for water distribution systems under pressure-deficient conditions'. (2003) Redundancy model for water distribution systems. (1996) Comparison of methods for predicting deficient network performance. (2008b) Pressure-driven demand and leakage simulation for water distribution networks. Giustolisi, O., Savic, D.A., and Kapelan, Z. (2008a) Extended period simulation analysis considering valve shutdowns, J. Giustolisi, O., Kapelan, Z., and Savic, D.A. (1985) A technical note on the inclusion of pressure dependent demand and leakage terms in water supply network models., Civ. (1993) Reliability assessment of water supply systems with storage and distribution networks. (1992) Optimisationavailability-based design of water distribution networks. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster.Р”В¬ullinane, M.J., Lansey, K.E., and Mays, L.W. (1991) Analysis of flow in water distribution networks. 27 Siemon Co Dr, Suite200W, Watertown, CT06795, USAР”В«have, P.R. 15-20.Р”В«entley Systems, Inc (2006) WaterGEMS v8 User Manual. (2008) Evaluation of Emergency Water Supply Plan for Block System of Water Network using WaterGEMS, J.

(2010b) Estimation of the Reliability of Water Distribution Systems using HSPDA Model and ADF Index, J. (2010a) Estimating the Reliability of Water Distribution Systems Using HSPDA Model and Distance Measure Method, J.

(2007) Development of HSPDA Model for Water Distribution System under Abnormal Operating Condition, J. Water Resour Plann Manag, ASCE, Vol, 132, No. (2006) Solution for water distribution systems under pressure-deficient conditions, J. The developed PDA model is capable to solve negative pressure problem shown in existing DDA model and to analyse evaluation of emergency water supply plan with high reliability. The results showed to 66~100% of the total network demand was available in the emergency scenarios of failure in each reservoir. Additionally, the developed model was applied to evaluate the emergency water supply plan of a large block system in Yeong Wol. The Gradient Algorithm used for DDA in EPANET was improved to develop a PDA model based on the Global Gradient Algorithm. However, in abnormal conditions such as pipe failure or excess of demand, DDA model may produce unrealistic outputs such as negative pressure, so application of PDA model is required. In DDA, it is assumed that available discharge in demand nodes is always equal to the required discharge, and the assumption is suitable for a steady state condition. Hydraulic analysis of water distribution systems (WDS) is divided into two types, one is Demand Driven Analysis (DDA) which applies to a steady state condition and other is Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) which applies to an abnormal condition.

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